[{"id":"1","disease":"Displaced Abomasum","description":"The abomasum (or true stomach) normally lies on the floor of the abdomen, but can become filled with gas and rise to the top of the abdomen, when it is said to be \u2018displaced\u2019. The abomasum is more likely to be displaced to the left (LDA) than the right (RDA).\r\n<b>Cause<\/b><br \/>\r\n\r\nCalving: The majority of cases occur soon after calving. During pregnancy the uterus displaces the abomasum, so that after calving the abomasum has to move back to its normal position, increasing the risk of displacement.","signs":"","symptoms":"<ul>\r\n<li>Loss of appetite<\/li>\r\n<li>Drop in milk yield<\/li>\r\n<li>Reduced rumination<\/li>\r\n<li>Mild diarrhoea<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","prevention":"Prevention should be aimed at ensuring dry matter intake is maintained in early lactation:\r\n  <ul>\r\n    <li>Ensure cattle are not too fat at calving (i.e. >3.5 BCS);<\/li>\r\n    <li>Feed high quality feeds, with good quality forage;<\/li>\r\n   <li> Feeding a total mixed ration as opposed to concentrates;<\/li>\r\n   <li> Ensure plenty of space at feeding sites;<\/li>\r\n  <li>  Minimise changes between late dry and early lactation ration;<\/li>\r\n  <li>  Prevent and promptly treat, diseases such as milk fever, metritis, toxic mastitis and retained afterbirth which reduce feed intake;<\/li>\r\n    <li>Maximise cow comfort, minimise stress.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","treatment":"Treatment requires replacing the abomasum in its normal position. Preferably, the veterinarian also prevents recurrence by tacking the abomasum to the body wall.\r\n\r\nSurgery can be performed, however isn't always necessary. Often the abomasum can be returned to its usual place by casting and rolling the animal onto its back, permitting the abomasum to \"float\" back into its normal position.\r\n\r\nRolling can be used in conjunction with toggling, where a toggle is passed through the skin into the abdomen and twisted fixing the abomasum in the correct position. This significantly reduces the relapse rate.","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"2","disease":"Foot-and-Mouth","description":"Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of cattle and swine. It also affects sheep, goats, deer, and other cloven-hooved ruminants. FMD is not recognised as a zoonotic disease.\r\n\r\n<b>Cause<\/b> <br \/ >\r\nThe disease is caused by a virus of which there are seven \u2018types\u2019, each producing the same symptoms, and distinguishable only in the laboratory.\r\n\r\nImmunity to one type does not protect an animal against other types.\r\n\r\nThe interval between exposure to infection and the appearance of symptoms varies between twenty-four hours and ten days, or even longer. The average time, under natural conditions, is three to six days.\r\n\r\nThe virus survives in lymph nodes and bone marrow at neutral pH, but is destroyed in muscle when pH is less than 6.0, i.e., after rigor mortis. The virus can persist in contaminated fodder and the environment for up to one month, depending on the temperature and pH conditions.\r\n\r\nAirborne spread of the disease can take place and under favourable weather conditions the disease may be spread considerable distances by this route.\r\n\r\nAnimals pick up the virus either by direct contact with an infected animal or by contact with foodstuffs or other things which have been contaminated by such an animal, or by eating or coming into contact with some part of an infected carcase.\r\n\r\nOutbreaks have been linked with the importation of infected meat and meat products.\r\n\r\nThe disease can also be spread by people, vehicles and other objects that have been contaminated by the virus.\r\n\r\nThe disease spreads very quickly if not controlled and because of this is a reportable disease.","signs":"","symptoms":"<ul>\r\n<li>Fever<\/li>\r\n<li>Bilsters in the mouth and on feet<\/li>\r\n<li>Drop in milk production<\/li>\r\n<li>Weight loss<\/li>\r\n<li>Loss of appetite<\/li>\r\n<li>Quivering lips and frothing of mouth<\/li>\r\n<li>Cows may develop blisters on teats<\/li>\r\n<li>Lameness<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","prevention":"FMD is one of the most difficult animal infections to control. Because the disease occurs in many parts of the world, there is always a chance of its accidental introduction into an unaffected country.\r\n\r\nExport restrictions are often imposed on countries with known outbreaks.\r\n\r\nFMD outbreaks are usually controlled by quarantines and movement restrictions, euthanasia of affected and in-contact animals, and cleansing and disinfection of affected premises, equipment and vehicles.\r\n\r\nInfected carcasses must be disposed of safely by incineration, rendering, burial or other techniques. Milk from infected cows can be inactivated by heating to 100\u00b0C (212\u00b0F) for more than 20 minutes. Slurry can be heated to 67\u00b0C (153\u00b0F) for three minutes.\r\n\r\nRodents and other vectors may be killed to prevent them from mechanically disseminating the virus.\r\n\r\nGood biosecurity measures should be practiced on uninfected farms to prevent entry of the virus.\r\nVaccination\r\n\r\nVaccination can be used to reduce the spread of FMD or protect specific animals.\r\n\r\nVaccines are also used in endemic regions to protect animals from clinical disease. FMDV vaccines must closely match the serotype and strain of the infecting strain.\r\n\r\nVaccination with one serotype does not protect the animal against other serotypes, and may not protect the animal completely or at all from other strains of the same serotype. Currently, there is no universal FMD vaccine","treatment":"Treatment is not given. Affected animals will recover. However because of the loss of production and the infectious state of the disease, infected animals are usually culled","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"3","disease":"Fatty Liver Syndrome","description":"Fatty liver syndrome is the accumulation of fat within the cow's liver.\r\n<strong>Cause<\/strong> <br  \/>\r\n\r\nFatty liver occurs as a result of the cow breaking down too much fat for the liver to process properly. Fat mobilisation occurs as a result of negative energy balance. The broken down far is then converted back to fat in the liver to prevent them becoming toxic. Thus the liver becomes fat when the cow is losing condition, the more loss in condition the more fat in the liver.\r\n\r\nFatty liver can develop within 24 hours of an animal going off feed. This is typically around calving time.\r\n\r\nOnce it is deposited in the liver, the concentration of fat in the liver does not fall until the cow gets into positive energy balance, which can be over ten weeks after calving, particularly if the fatty liver is severe. Fat cows (Body Condition Score greater than 3.5) are much more prone to fatty liver.","signs":"","symptoms":"<ul>\r\n<li>Lower milk yields<\/li>\r\n<li>Depressed appetite<\/li>\r\n<li>Incidences of milk fever, ketosis, mastitis, retained fetal membranes etc<\/li>\r\n<li>Reduced fertility<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBlood tests will show elevated nonesterified fatty acid concentrations (NEFA) levels (free fatty acids) and increased ketones. - See more at: http:\/\/www.thecattlesite.com\/diseaseinfo\/212\/fatty-liver-syndrome\/#sthash.OPmJj7DP.dpuf","prevention":"Ensuring that cows are calving at the correct body condition would prevent the breakdown of fat and fatty liver. An ideal body condition score to calf would be between 2.5 to 3. Cows should be dried of at this score and weight maintained through the dry period.\r\n\r\nChanging diets during this period should be avoided.\r\n\r\nGlucose supplements can be given to overfat animals as preventative measure.\r\n\r\nMinimising stress is important for prevention of fatty liver. Sudden changes in environment should be avoided. For example, changes in ration, housing, temperature, herdmates, etc may cause a reduction in feed intake and trigger catecholamine-mediated increases in fat mobilisation.","treatment":"Without treatment mortality can be as high as 25 per cent.\r\n\r\nBesides longterm IV infusion of glucagon, there is no proven treatment for fatty liver.\r\n\r\nFatty liver is an important economic disease because cows that develop fatty liver are affected by multiple metabolic and infectious diseases; they reduce milk production, and are frequently culled","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"4","disease":"Rift Valley Fever","description":"Rift Valley Fever is a viral disease of cattle and sheep that was first discovered in the Rift Valley of Kenya. The disease is spread to livestock through the bite of infected mosquitoes during years of heavy rainfall. The disease causes high death rates in young animals and abortions in older animals. Outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever have caused famine in endemic areas.\r\n\r\nRift Valley Fever is zoonotic, meaning that it can spread to people through contact with infected livestock. In addition to airborne spread of the virus, humans can become infected through handling undercooked meat, blood or raw milk. Rift Valley Fever is typically mild in humans but can be severe.","signs":"<ul>\r\n<li>Fever<\/li>\r\n<li>Anorexia (poor appetite)<\/li>\r\n<li>Weakness<\/li>\r\n<li>Death in young animals<\/li>\r\n<li>Abortion (may be 100% in the herd)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","symptoms":"","prevention":"Human and animal vaccines exist for those areas where Rift Valley Fever is endemic. Control of the mosquito population is also necessary to prevent the spread of the disease. - See more at: http:\/\/www.thecattlesite.com\/diseaseinfo\/254\/rift-valley-fever\/#sthash.iu8WMXFO.dpuf","treatment":"There is no specific treatment for Rift Valley Fever. Any animal suspected of having Rift Valley Fever should be reported to the State Veterinarians or USDA Area Veterinarian in Charge immediately. - See more at: http:\/\/www.thecattlesite.com\/diseaseinfo\/254\/rift-valley-fever\/#sthash.iu8WMXFO.dpuf","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"5","disease":"Repeat Breeding Syndrome","description":"A repeat breeder is a cow that is cycling normally, with no clinical abnormalities, but has failed to conceive after at least two successive inseminations","signs":"In practice, some will have been inseminated at the wrong time, others may have pathological changes in the bursa or oviduct that are difficult to palpate, or undiagnosed uterine infections.\r\n\r\nAn early repeater is an animals whose luteal function has been shorter than normal or typical for the physiological oestrus cycle in non bred cow. In these cows the most probable event is either failure of fertilisation (delayed ovulation, poor semen quality etc.) or early embryonic death (delayed ovulation, poor embryo quality, unfavourable uterine environment, precocious luteolysis).\r\n\r\nThe cows will come into heat within 17-24 days after AI.\r\n\r\nA late repeater is a cow that comes into heat later than 25 days after AI.\r\n\r\nIn these animals the luteal function was maintained for longer than the physiological luteal phase in non bred cows. Fertilisation and initial recognition of pregnancy probably took place but for some reason (inadequate luteal function, inadequate embryo signalling, infectious diseases, induced luteolysis) luteolysis was induced and pregnancy lost.\r\n\r\nGood heat detection and records are key to identifying these cows","symptoms":"","prevention":"<ul>\r\n<li>Ensure you are serving cows at the correct time. This means that all staff should know the signs of heat. Milk progesterone testing is also useful; cows in a true heat will have very low progesterone.<\/li>\r\n<li>Ensure insemination techniques are as good as possible. This is particularly important if you use DIY AI. Do not serve cows previously diagnosed as pregnant without doing a cow-side progesterone test to confirm it is has a low progesterone and is not pregnant. If the cow is pregnant AI may cause foetal loss.<\/li>\r\n<li>Identify and treat cows with whites before starting to serve them.<\/li>\r\n<li>Don&rsquo;t start serving too soon after calving. Herds that start early have lower pregnancy rates to service and so more repeat breeder cows.<\/li>\r\n<li>Minimise stress at service. For example, try and avoid serving around turnout or when you change the diet.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","treatment":"Repeat breeders should be carefully evaluated in order to define the most probable reason for the failure to conceive (early repeats) or failure in pregnancy maintenance (early and late repeats).\r\n\r\nInitially heat records should be evaluated to classify the cow as early or late repeat.\r\n\r\nCows that have had three services and are not pregnant should be checked before serving again by a veterinarian","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"6","disease":"Tetanus in Cattle","description":"Tetanus is a fairly common disease occurring in all types of livestock. It is relatively rare in cattle, but outbreaks of disease can cause very severe losses.\r\nCause\r\n\r\nTetanus is caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. This bacterium is found in the soil and the guts of animals and humans.\r\n\r\nThe disease starts when the organism gets into wounded or damaged tissue as a result of contamination. In the absence of oxygen the bacteria multiply and produce a local infection.\r\n\r\nAs they grow, the bacteria produce toxins, which spread along the nerves to the brain and cause the clinical signs of tetanus.\r\n\r\nThe time between infection and disease can be very short (two or three days) or quite long (four weeks or more), depending on how long it takes for the contaminated area to develop a low level of oxygen (such as by a wound healing over sealing off the tissue from the outside).\r\n\r\nThe disease is seen in all ages of stock. Calving and castration seem to be the most common procedures linked to the development of tetanus.","signs":"<ul>\r\n<li>Stiffness and reluctance to move are normally the first signs<\/li>\r\n<li>Twitching and tremors of the muscles<\/li>\r\n<li>Lockjaw<\/li>\r\n<li>Prominent protruding third eyelid<\/li>\r\n<li>Unsteady gait with stiff held out tail<\/li>\r\n<li>Affected cattle are usually anxious and easily excited by sudden movements or handling.<\/li>\r\n<li>Bloat is common because the rumen stops working<\/li>\r\n<li>Later signs include collapse, lying on side with legs held stiffly out, spasm and death.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","symptoms":"","prevention":"Undertaking surgical procedures (such as castration) properly, in a clean environment, with disinfected instruments and surgical area, will significantly reduce the risk of tetanus. The same rules apply to calving, be as clean as possible and minimise contamination.\r\n\r\nAntitoxin can be useful as a short-acting (up to 21 days) preventative if used at high risk times, however on some farms vaccination may be better, as a three dose course of vaccination can result in protection for over three years.","treatment":"Cattle with early tetanus probably respond to treatment better than most other livestock. Antitoxin is of very little use unless given in the very early states of infection.\r\n\r\nIn some cases sedatives and relaxants have been known to aid recovery.\r\n\r\nIt is not worth treating cattle with fully developed tetanus","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"7","disease":"Brucellosis","description":"Brucellosis is an infectious disease that occurs from contact with animals carrying Brucella bacteria. Brucella can infect cattle, goats, camels, dogs, and pigs. The bacteria can spread to humans if you come in contact with infected meat or the placenta of infected animals, or if you eat or drink unpasteurised milk or cheese.\r\n\r\nBrucella is highly contagious, spreading very easily between cattle as the calf, the membranes and the uterine fluids all contain large quantities of bacteria.","signs":"<ul>\r\n<li>Stiffness and reluctance to move are normally the first signs<\/li>\r\n<li>Twitching and tremors of the muscles<\/li>\r\n<li>Lockjaw<\/li>\r\n<li>Prominent protruding third eyelid<\/li>\r\n<li>Unsteady gait with stiff held out tail<\/li>\r\n<li>Affected cattle are usually anxious and easily excited by sudden movements or handling.<\/li>\r\n<li>Bloat is common because the rumen stops working<\/li>\r\n<li>Later signs include collapse, lying on side with legs held stiffly out, spasm and death.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","symptoms":"","prevention":"Dr Phil Hadley from Eblex believes that prevention through pasture rotation is effective against fluke, as this prevents cattle grazing the snail habitat. If possible keep cattle from grazing on wet areas such as pond margins, river banks and marshy ground.\r\n\r\nHe also says that an appropriate anthelmintic (worming) regime should be used, ensuring products used target eggs, immature and adult fluke and are combined in a programme which mininises wormer resistance.\r\n\r\nControl of liver fluke disease should be an important part of a farm health plan drawn up with the farmer's local veterinary surgeon. Monitoring the levels of infection in sheep and cattle using fluke egg counts, abattoir returns and veterinary investigation of ill-thrifty animals is an essential part of successful control","treatment":"A number of products are available for treating fluke in cattle. Flukicides are effective against immature and adult fluke.\r\n\r\nAdvice for farmers on flukicide usage, particularly with regard to frequency, should take account of the previous farm history, results of abattoir returns, if they are available, and faecal monitoring, tempered with the knowledge that triclabendazole-resistant flukes have been recorded in the UK and Eire.\r\n\r\nWhere the cattle are out-wintered, for example suckler cows, they should be treated twice. Once during the October\/December period to remove the infection that has built up over the summer months and a second time in April or May to remove any fluke infection, which may have been picked up over the winter months. This will help to limit the risk of subsequent egg contamination of the pasture.\r\n\r\nTreating cattle seven to 14 days after housing with a flukicide can be very effective in reducing the impact of fluke through the winter says EBLEX. This would then mean that treatment at turnout could be avoided until mid-summer. This might be combined with a worm treatment for convenience, which will help to reduce pasture contamination.\r\n\r\nWhere possible there may be a benefit in delaying the housing treatment until five to eight weeks after housing to ensure all larval stages of fluke have matured to adulthood and then treating with a flukicide or combine the fluke treatment with worm dose.\r\n\r\nResistance to triclabendazole has been reported in both the UK and Ireland. Where this is suspected discuss the issue with your vet and choose an alternative drug.\r\n\r\nIn their first year, spring born calves are unlikely to require treatment until housing, and autumn born calves should be treated mid-summer in combination with the routine wormer treatment.\r\n\r\nThere are no flukicides available with a nil milk withdrawal period, therefore, for routine control treat dairy cows at drying off time.\r\n\r\nIn urgent clinical cases dairy cows need to be treated and the appropriate withholding period applied. Witholding period information is carried on the product label and datasheet and advice should be sought from a veterinary surgeon.\r\n\r\nWith potential costs of \u00a320-25 per head or more if an animal dies, it is certainly beneficial for producers to prevent this parasite from infecting cattle. With reports of an increase in cases of liver fluke, farmers are advised to be aware of the problem, even if their herds have not previously been affected and they should take a strategic management approach to preventing and treating cases","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"8","disease":"Abortion","description":"Cows can suffer abnormalities during pregnancy leading to mummification of the foetus or resulting from maternal or foetal abnormality. All cases where the pregnancy terminates early and the foetus is expulsed are called abortions.\r\n\r\nAs there are multiple causes of abortion and the detection of abortions in a herd can vary significantly depending on the husbandry system and calving pattern, the incidence of abortion at herd level also varies markedly. It has been suggested that an abortion rate of 5% or more in a herd should be considered an indication of an abortion problem (Deas, 1981).\r\n<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Non-specific<\/li>\r\n<li>Specific<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Miscellaneous:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Drug-induced (prostaglandins)<\/li>\r\n<li>Insemination\/intra-uterine infusion<\/li>\r\n<li>Hypothyroidism<\/li>\r\n<li>Trauma\/stress (transport, noise, veterinary treatment etc.)<\/li>\r\n<li>High fever and endotoxins (toxic plants, nitrate\/nitrite, fungal toxins, other disease)<\/li>\r\n<li>Nutritional (malnutrition, vitamin A\/selenium\/vitamin E deficiency, goitre)<\/li>\r\n<li>Twin pregnancy<\/li>\r\n<li>Genetic (malformation)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","signs":"","symptoms":"","prevention":"","treatment":"","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"9","disease":"Mastitis","description":"<h3>Cause<\/h3>\r\n<p>Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue.<br \/><br \/> It usually occurs as an immune response to bacterial invasion of the teat canal by variety of bacterial sources present on the farm (commonly through bedding or contaminated teat dips), and can also occur as a result of chemical, mechanical, or thermal injury to the cow's udder.<br \/><br \/> Mastitis is a multifactoral disease, closely related to the production system and environment that cows are kept in. Mastitis risk factors or disease determinants can be classified into three groups: host, pathogen and environmental determinants.<\/p>","signs":"","symptoms":"<p><strong>Subclinical<\/strong>: Few symptoms of subclinical mastitis appear, although it is present in most dairy herds. <br \/><br \/> Somatic cell counts measure milk quality and can be used as an indicator of mastitis prevalence. <br \/><br \/> <strong>Clinical mastitis<\/strong>: The most obvious symptoms of clinical mastitis in the udder are swelling, heat, hardness, redness or pain. <br \/><br \/> Milk takes on a watery appearance, flakes, clots or pus is often present. <br \/><br \/> A reduction in milk yields, increases in body temperature, lack of appetite, and a reduction in mobility due to the pain of a swollen udder are also common signs.<\/p>","prevention":"<ol>\r\n<li><strong>Hygienic teat management<\/strong>: which includes good housing management, effective teat preparation and disinfection for good milk hygiene, teat health and disease control.<\/li>\r\n<li><strong> Prompt identification and treatment of clinical mastitis cases<\/strong>: including the use of the most appropriate treatment for the symptoms.<\/li>\r\n<li><strong> Dry cow management and therapy<\/strong>: where cows are dried off abruptly and teats are cleaned scrupulously before dry cow antibiotics are administered, including the use of teat-end sealants if appropriate.<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Culling chronically affected cows<\/strong>: cows that become impossible to cure and represent a reservoir of infection for the whole herd.<\/li>\r\n<li><strong> Regular testing and maintenance of the milking machine<\/strong>: with regular, recommended teatcup liner replacement and milking machine servicing and attention paid to items which must be checked on a daily, weekly or monthly basis.<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Good record keeping<\/strong>: of all aspects of mastitis treatment, dry cow therapy, milking machine servicing, Somatic Cell Counts and Bactoscan results, and clinical mastitis cases.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","treatment":"NSAID are widely used for the treatment of acute mastitis. Aspirin, flunixin meglumine, flurbiprofen, carprofen, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen have been studied as treatments for experimental coliform mastitis or endotoxin-induced mastitis. Orally administered aspirin should be used with caution in acute coliform mastitis because it may lead to severe rumen atony.","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"10","disease":"Anthrax","description":"Anthrax, a highly infectious and fatal disease of mammals and humans, is caused by a relatively large spore-forming rectangular shaped bacterium called Bacillus anthracis.\r\n\r\nAnthrax occurs on all the continents, causes acute mortality in ruminants and is a zoonosis. The bacteria produce extremely potent toxins which are responsible for the ill effects, causing a high mortality rate. While most mammals are susceptible, anthrax is typically a disease of ruminants and humans.\r\n\r\nIt does not typically spread from animal to animal nor from person to person. The bacteria produce spores on contact with oxygen.","signs":"<ul>\r\n<li>Sudden death (often within 2 or 3 hours of being apparently normal) is by far the most common sign;<\/li>\r\n<li>Very occasionally some animals may show trembling, a high temperature, difficulty breathing, collapse and convulsions before death. This usually occurs over a period of 24 hours;<\/li>\r\n<li>After death blood may not clot, resulting in a small amount of bloody discharge from the nose, mouth and other openings<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","symptoms":"","prevention":"Infection is usually acquired through the ingestion of contaminated soil, fodder or compound feed. Anthrax spores in the soil are very resistant and can cause disease when ingested even years after an outbreak. The spores are brought to the surface by wet weather, or by deep tilling, and when ingested or inhaled by ruminants the disease reappears.<br \/> <br \/> Where an outbreak has occurred, carcases must be disposed of properly, the carcase should not be open (exposure to oxygen will allow the bacteria to form spores) and premises should be quarantined until all susceptible animals are vaccinated. <br \/> <br \/> Vaccination in endemic areas is very important. Although vaccination will prevent outbreaks veterinary services sometimes fail to vaccinate when the disease has not appeared for several years. But because the spores survive for such lengthy periods, the risk is always present.","treatment":"Due to the rapidity of the disease treatment is seldom possible, although high doses of penicillin have been effective in the later stages of some outbreaks.","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"11","disease":"Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)","description":"Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is a transmissible, neurodegenerative, fatal brain disease of cattle. The disease has a long incubation period of four to five years, but ultimately is fatal for cattle within weeks to months of its onset. BSE first came to the attention of the scientific community in November 1986 with the appearance in cattle of a newly-recognized form of neurological disease\r\nCause\r\n\r\nEpidemiological studies conducted in the UK suggest that the source of BSE was cattle feed prepared from bovine tissues, such as brain and spinal cord, that was contaminated by the BSE agent.\r\n\r\nSpeculation as to the cause of the appearance of the agent causing the disease has ranged from spontaneous occurrence in cattle, the carcases of which then entered the cattle food chain, to entry into the cattle food chain from the carcases of sheep with a similar disease, scrapie.\r\n\r\nBSE in the brain affects the brain and spinal cord of cattle. Lesions are characterised by sponge-like changes visible with an ordinary microscope.\r\n\r\nThe agent is highly stable, resisting freezing, drying and heating at normal cooking temperatures, even those used for pasteurization and sterilization.\r\n\r\nThe nature of the BSE agent is still a matter of debate. According to the prion theory, the agent is composed largely, if not entirely, of a self-replicating protein, referred to as a prion. Another theory argues that the agent is virus-like and possesses nucleic acids which carry genetic information. Strong evidence collected over the past decade supports the prion theory, but the ability of the BSE agent to form multiple strains is more easily explained by a virus-like agent.\r\n\r\nAs the disease progresses, more and more prion proteins are caused to deform into the beta pleated sheet, or infectious, state. As the deformed proteins increase in number, the degeneration process increases exponentially, and leads to the appearance of microscopic \u2018holes\u2019 in the brain. It is these holes which lead to the \u2018spongy\u2019 degeneration of the brain and spinal cord.\r\n\r\nBSE is not contagious and cannot be transmitted animal-to-animal contact.","signs":"","symptoms":"As the disease affects the brain, the symptoms are the gradual lack of mental and physical ability. In cows this degeneration of the brain results in an ability to stand or walk straight, and has therefore given rise to the common term \u2018mad cow disease\u2019. BSE ultimately results in death.","prevention":"BSE is a notifiable disease. Most countries follow OIE guidelines and have BSE control and prevention programmes in place, which involve the monitoring of dead and slaughtered cattle.\r\n\r\nGuidelines also prohibit the use of ruminant proteins in the preparation of animal feed. Also bovine offal fed to humans has been limited in some countries to prevent risk to humans.\r\n\r\nNo infectivity has yet been detected in skeletal muscle tissue. Reassurance can be provided by removal of visible nervous and lymphatic tissue from meat (skeletal muscle).\r\n\r\nMilk and milk products are considered safe. Tallow and gelatin are considered safe if prepared by a manufacturing process which has been shown experimentally to inactivate the transmissible agent and, if prepared from specifically identified tissues, or from cattle without risk of exposure to BSE. -","treatment":"There is no way to tell if live cattle are infected with BSE. Ordinarily the disease is confirmed after death, when the microscopic appearance of \u2018holes\u2019 in the brain can be seen and identified as BSE. -","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"12","disease":"Anaplasmosis","description":"Anaplasmosis is a vector-borne, infectious blood disease in cattle caused by the rickesttsial parasites Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale. It is also known as yellow-bag or yellow-fever.\r\n\r\nThis parasite infects the red blood cells and causes severe anemia. It is most usually spread by ticks.","signs":"hey there","symptoms":"<ul>\r\n<li>Anemia<\/li>\r\n<li>Fever<\/li>\r\n<li>Weight loss<\/li>\r\n<li>Breathlessness<\/li>\r\n<li>Jaundice<\/li>\r\n<li>Uncoordinated movements<\/li>\r\n<li>Abortion<\/li>\r\n<li>Death<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","prevention":"Typically, cases of anaplasmosis increase in late summer and fall as insect vectors increase. Therefore, control of vectors is key to preventing anaplasmosis. If necessary herd treatment with oxytetracycline injection every 3 to 4 weeks during high risk times may be necessary will prevent clinical disease but animals can become carriers.\r\n\r\nChlortetracycline also known as CTC can reduce the risk of anaplasmosis. A consistent intake of the correct amount of mineral is crucial to a anaplasmosis prevention programme. CTC is available in medicated feed, free choice salt-mineral mixes or medicated blocks.\r\n\r\nIn some places, vaccines are available to increase resistance to anaplasmosis.","treatment":"Tetracycline is often used for clinical anaplasmosis. However it cannot be used in every country.\r\n\r\nGeneral supportive care is also important for anemic animals. Blood transfusions are of limited benefit.\r\n\r\nThe incubation time for the disease to develop varies from two weeks to over three months, but averages three to four weeks. Adult cattle are more susceptible to infection than calves.\r\n\r\nThe disease is generally mild in calves under a year of age, rarely fatal in cattle up to two years of age, sometimes fatal in animals up to three years of age, and often fatal in older cattle.\r\n\r\nOnce an animal recovers from infection, either naturally or with normal therapy, it will usually remain a carrier of the disease for life. Carriers show no sign of the disease but act as sources of infection for other susceptible cattle.","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:26:59"},{"id":"13","disease":"'Nagana' \/Trypanosomosis\/ Sleeping Disease","description":"Nagana, also known as nagana pest or animal African trypanosomiasis, is a disease of vertebrate animals. The disease is caused by trypanosomes of several species in the genus Trypanosoma such as Trypanosoma brucei. Trypanosoma vivax causes nagana mainly in West Africa, although it has spread to South America.[1] The trypanosomes infect the blood of the vertebrate host, causing fever, weakness, and lethargy, which lead to weight loss and anemia; in some animals the disease is fatal unless treated. The trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse flies.\r\n\r\nCause\r\n\r\nTrypanosomosis is usually transmitted through blood lymph and other fluids of infected animals. It is caused by Flagellated protozoan parasites that live in the fluids and tissue of its host animal.\r\n\r\nOften the disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected tsetse fly which has been feeding on an infected animal.","signs":"The signs of disease appear 11-21 days after an infective bite as a relapsing fever, with temperature peaks. These peaks are associated with an increase in the numbers of trypanosomes in the circulating blood, followed by the destruction of large numbers of the parasites and a return to a normal temperature. The end of the period of parasite destruction is the crisis, when antibodies are being produced and large quantities of trypanosome protein are liberated into the bloodstream. Death commonly coincides with a crisis. In areas where reinfection is frequent, death will commonly occur within one to three months, unless the animal is treated with a trypanocide.","symptoms":"<p align=\"justify\">Symptoms often begin to show four to 24 days after infection. The most important clinical sign is nonregenerative anaemia. <br \/><br \/> The major clinical signs are:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>intermittent fever<\/li>\r\n<li>anaemia<\/li>\r\n<li>oedema<\/li>\r\n<li>lacrimation<\/li>\r\n<li>enlarged lymph nodes<\/li>\r\n<li>abortion<\/li>\r\n<li>decreased fertility<\/li>\r\n<li>loss of appetite, body condition and productivity<\/li>\r\n<li>early death in acute forms<\/li>\r\n<li>emaciation and eventual death in chronic forms often after digestive and\/or nervous signs<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","prevention":"","treatment":"At present no vaccine is available.\r\n\r\nIf detected early, Trypanosomosis can be treated with trypanocidal drugs for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.\r\n\r\nTherapeutic drugs for cattle include diminazene aceturate, homidium chloride and homidium bromide. Prophylactic drugs for cattle include homidium chloride, homidium bromide and isometamidium.\r\n\r\nHowever the effectiveness of these drugs is now questionable following years of use, causing resistence and now variuos strains of Trypanosomosis to occur.\r\n\r\nAnother area of control that has been studied is to eradicate the tsetse flies which transmit the disease.\r\n\r\nThe most common of the procedures that have been deveoped are: spraying insecticide on tsetse habitat, destruction of tsetse habitat and alteration of vegetation so that it becomes unsuitable for tsetse flies.\r\n\r\nHowever, these methods are costly and require a high level of management, organisation and specialist expertise","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"14","disease":"East Coast fever","description":"East Coast fever (theileriosis) is a disease of cattle, sheep and goats caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva. The term excludes diseases caused by other Theileria, such as tropical theileriosis (also known as Mediterranean theileriosis), caused by T. annulata, and human theileriosis, caused by T. microti.","signs":"Mortality can be up to 100%, with death occurring around 18\u201330 days after the initial attachment of infected ticks, because the incubation required is around 10\u201325 days, and the parasite spreads quickly and is rather aggressive.\r\n\r\nClinical signs for diagnosis include, but are not limited to, fever and enlarged lymph nodes near the tick bite(s). Smears and stains can also be done to check for the parasite. Schizonts (meronts, or segmentors) can be found in infected lymphocytes. Pathology includes anorexia, dyspnea, corneal opacity, nasal discharge, frothy nasal discharge, diarrhea, pulmonary edema, leukopenia, and anemia. Endemic cattle given medication sometimes recover to varying degrees, or death follows due to blocked capillaries and parasites infecting the central nervous system.[6] Cattle that are endemic and manage to survive tend to be carriers.\r\n\r\nA form of East Coast fever called corridor disease is observed when the organism is transmitted from the African buffalo to cattle. Another form, called January disease, only occurs over the winter months in Zimbabwe due to the tick lifecycle.\r\n\r\nFor diagnosis, post mortem findings are characteristic and mainly include damage to the lymphoid and respiratory systems.","symptoms":"","prevention":"Restriction of cattle movements, vector control, treatment and immunization are identified as the main control methods against East Coast fever (ECF). The effectiveness of these methods is very much influenced by cultural practices, economic and political pressures and development of resistance by ticks to acaricides. The proposed strategies for the future include continued restriction of cattle movements, less intensive vector control in enzootic areas so as to maintain enzootic stability, chemotherapy and immunization of the improved cattle. In addition, research efforts to evaluate strategic vector control, develop cheaper drugs, improve the quality and delivery of the stabilate vaccine, and identify and mass produce appropriate immunogenic subunit vaccines should be intensified.","treatment":"Control of the disease also relies on tick control and the development of disease-resistant ticks. Control of ticks of domestic animals is a major concern in tropical countries with large livestock populations, especially in the endemic area of East Coast fever. Chemical pesticides (acaricides) are applied in dipping baths or spray races, and use of breeds of cattle with good ability to acquire immune resistance to the vector ticks are used to control the measure.","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"15","disease":"Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD)","description":"BVD is a common cause of respiratory and reproductive issues in the herd. It is a economically important disease in many countries, and problems realted to the disease are thought to be increasing in some areas.\r\n\r\nAlthough a disease in itself, BVD causes a number of transient infections which are often the cause of animal health and economic problems.\r\nCause\r\n\r\nBovine viral diarrhea is a viral disease of cattle and other ruminants that is caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV).\r\n\r\nBVD is transmitted in a number of ways. Either through a congenital infection of the fetus or after birth. Congenital infections may cause resorption, abortion, stillbirth, or live-birth. Congenitally infected fetuses that survive in utero infection (i.e., the live-births) may be born as BVDV-infected calves. The BVDV infection in these calves will persist during the entire life of the calf, and they will shed BVDV continuously in the farm environment.","signs":"","symptoms":"In adults, clinical signs are highly variable. Signs of acute infection include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, ocular dishcharge, nasal dischargem oral lesions, diarrhea and decreasing milk production. Chronic infection may lead to signs of mucosal disease. <br \/> <br \/> In calves, the most commonly recognised birth defect is cerebellar hypoplasia. The signs of this are:\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Ataxia\/ lack of voluntary coordination of musle movements;<\/li>\r\n<li>Tremors<\/li>\r\n<li>Wide stance<\/li>\r\n<li>Stumbling<\/li>\r\n<li>Failure to nurse<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In severe cases the calf may die. <br \/> <br \/> Transient infections include diarrhea, calf pneumonia, decreased milk production, reproductive disorders, increased occurrence of other diseases, and death<br \/> <br \/> The losses from fetal infection include abortions; congenital defects; weak and abnormally small calves; unthrifty, persistently infected (PI) animals; and death among PI animals.<\/p>","prevention":"Research is ongoing to look at the potential for breeding animals that are less susceptible to the disease. At the moment, no one breed has an advantage.\r\n\r\nOne strategy to minimise BVD transmission is to make infected cattle less infectious, and this can be achieved by increasing the antibody titer. Cattle that have antibodies at the time that they acquire acute BVDV infection do not shed as much virus, and they will shed virus for a shorter period of time.\r\n\r\nOn farm there it is important for producers to cull persistantly infected animals from the herd. Blood tests will identify Housing calves in individual hutches as opposed to group housing will decrease contact and risk of infection, as will reducing stocking density.\r\n\r\nStrategic vaccination and high-quality colostrum could also decrease the proportion of susceptible cattle.\r\n\r\nA BVD control programme on farm would aim to prevent fetal infections, to eliminate reproductive loss and decrease losses due to transient infections. Control is achieved with a combination of removal of PI cattle, vaccination and enhanced biosecurity.","treatment":"Treatment of BVD is limited primarily to supportive therapy. Once identified, infected animals should be culled. \r\nVaccines\r\n\r\nVaccines for BVD are available. The two categories are modified live virus (MLV) vaccines and killed virus (KV) vaccines. Generally speaking, MLV vaccines require only one dose during the initial immunization step, however they are more difficult to handle.\r\n\r\nKV vaccines are usually more expensive and more than one dose is required during immunization. However, KV vaccines are less susceptible to deactivation by temperature extremes, and they are less susceptible to deactivation by chemicals.","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"16","disease":"Bovine Babesiosis (Redwater, Tick Fever)","description":"Cause\r\n\r\nBovine Babesiosis (BB) is a tick-borne disease of cattle.\r\n\r\nThe principal strains are babesia bovis and babesia bigemina, with Rhipicephalus ticks being the major vector.\r\n\r\nBabesia divergens is also found, with the major vector being Ixodes ricinus.\r\n\r\nBB is found in areas where its arthropod vector is distributed, especially tropical and subtropical climates. Babesia bovis and B. bigemina are more widely distributed and of major importance in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Central and South America. Babesia divergens is economically important in some parts of Europe and possibly northern Africa.\r\n\r\nTransmission of B bovis takes place when engorging adult female ticks pick up the infection. They pass it on to their progeny via their eggs. Larvae (or seed ticks) then pass it on in turn when feeding on another animal. B bigemina is also passed from one generation of ticks to the next. Engorging adult ticks pick up the infection and nymphal and adult stages (not larval stages) of the next generation pass it on to other cattle.\r\n\r\nMorbidity and mortality vary greatly and are influenced by prevailing treatments employed in an area, previous exposure to a species\/strain of parasite, and vaccination status. In endemic areas, cattle become infected at a young age and develop a long-term immunity. However, outbreaks can occur in these endemic areas if exposure to ticks by young animals is interrupted or immuno-na\u00efve cattle are introduced. The introduction of Babesia infected ticks into previously tick-free areas may also lead to outbreaks of disease.","signs":"","symptoms":"<p align=\"justify\">BB is predominantly observed in adult cattle. Infected animals develop a life-long immunity against re-infection with the same species and some cross-protection is evident in B. bigemina-immune animals against subsequent B. bovis infections.<\/p>\r\n<em><strong>B. bovis<\/strong><\/em><br \/> <br \/> Conditions are often more severe than other strains.\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>High fever<\/li>\r\n<li>Parasitaemia (percentage of infected erythrocytes) - maximum parasitaemia is often less than one per cent.<\/li>\r\n<li>Neurologic signs such as incoordination, teeth grinding and mania. Some cattle may be found on the ground with the involuntary movements of the legs. When the nervous symptoms of cerebral babesiosis develop, the outcome is almost always fatal.<\/li>\r\n<li>Dark coloured urine<\/li>\r\n<li>Anorexia<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<em><strong>B. bigemina<\/strong><\/em>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Fever<\/li>\r\n<li>Anorexia<\/li>\r\n<li>Animals likely to separate from herd, be weak, depressed and reluctant to move<\/li>\r\n<li>Haemoglobinuria and anaemiaDark coloured urine<\/li>\r\n<li>Central nervous system (CNS) signs are uncommon<\/li>\r\n<li>Lesions<\/li>\r\n<li>In <em>b. bigemina<\/em> parasitaemia often exceeds 10 per cent and may be as high as 30 per cent.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Clinical symptoms for <em><strong>Babesia divergens <\/strong><\/em> are similar to <em>B. bigemina<\/em> infections.<br \/> <br \/> The survivors may be weak and in reduced condition, although they usually recover fully. Subacute infections, with less apparent clinical signs, are also seen.<\/p>","prevention":"Effective control of tick fevers has been achieved by a combination of measures directed at both the disease and the tick vector. Tick control by acaracide dipping is widely used in endemic areas.\r\n\r\nDipping may be done as frequently as every 4-6 weeks in heavily infested areas. The occurrence of resistance of ticks, chemical residues in cattle and environmental concerns over the continued use of insecticides has led to use of integrated strategies for tick control.\r\n\r\nBabesiosis vaccines are readily available and are highly effective. Anti-tick vaccines are also available in some countries and can be used as part of an integrated program for the control of ticks.\r\n\r\nBabesiosis can be eradicated by eliminating the host tick(s). In the US, this was accomplished by treating all cattle every two to three weeks with acaricides. In countries where eradication is not feasible, tick control can reduce the incidence of disease.","treatment":"Mild cases may recover without treatment.\r\n\r\nSick animals can be treated with an antiparasitic drug. Treatment is most likely to be successful if the disease is diagnosed early; it may fail if the animal has been weakened by anemia.\r\n\r\nImidocarb has been reported to protect animals from disease but immunity can develop. There are also concerns with regard to residues in milk and meat.\r\n\r\nIn some cases blood transfusions and other supportive therapy should be considered.","created_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54","updated_at":"2018-12-18 15:01:54"},{"id":"17","disease":"Test Disease","description":"is the","signs":"rnjenkj","symptoms":"knrjnekjrrjjrj","prevention":"jrjj","treatment":"rjrjrj","created_at":"2018-12-18 12:01:58","updated_at":"2018-12-18 12:01:58"},{"id":"19","disease":"Test Disease","description":"dkk","signs":"jikjk","symptoms":"jikjkjk","prevention":"jkjkj","treatment":"ww","created_at":"2019-01-17 13:53:18","updated_at":"2019-01-17 13:53:18"}]